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Hack Proofing Your E-Commerce Site
Copyright © 2001 by Syngress Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or dis-
tributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
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Printed in the United States of America
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ISBN: 1-928994-27-X
Technical edit by: L. Brent Huston Copy edit by: Darren Meiss and Beth A. Roberts
Technical review by: Kevin Ziese Freelance Editorial Manager: Maribeth Corona-Evans
Co-Publisher: Richard Kristof Index by: Robert Saigh
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Distributed by Publishers Group West in the United States.
134_ecomm_FM 6/19/01 11:49 AM Page iv
v
Acknowledgments
v
We would like to acknowledge the following people for their kindness and support
in making this book possible.
Richard Kristof and Duncan Anderson of Global Knowledge, for their generous
access to the IT industry’s best courses, instructors and training facilities.
Ralph Troupe, Rhonda St. John, and the team at Callisma for their invaluable insight
into the challenges of designing, deploying and supporting world-class enterprise
networks.
Karen Cross, Lance Tilford, Meaghan Cunningham, Kim Wylie, Harry Kirchner, Bill
Richter, Kevin Votel, and Brittin Clark of Publishers Group West for sharing their
incredible marketing experience and expertise.
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Bunkell, and Klaus Beran of Harcourt International for making certain that our
vision remains worldwide in scope.
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their help.
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Audrey Gan, and Joseph Chan of Transquest Publishers for the enthusiasm with
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Joe Pisco, Helen Moyer, and the great folks at InterCity Press for all their help.
134_ecomm_FM 6/19/01 11:49 AM Page v
134_ecomm_FM 6/19/01 11:49 AM Page vi
vii
Contributors
Ryan Russell (CCNA, CCNP) is the best-selling author of Hack
Proofing Your Network: Internet Tradecraft (ISBN: 1-928994-15-6). He is MIS
Manager at SecurityFocus.com, has served as an expert witness on secu-
rity topics, and has done internal security investigation for a major soft-
ware vendor. Ryan has been working in the IT field for over 11 years, the
last 6 of which have been spent primarily in information security. He has
been an active participant in various security mailing lists, such as
BugTraq, for years. Ryan has contributed to four Syngress titles on the
topic of networking. He holds a Bachelors of Science degree in
Computer Science. Ryan wishes to thank Karen Mathews at the U.S.
Department of Energy for her assistance in preparing Chapter 10.
Mark S. Merkow (CCP) has been an Information Systems professional
since 1975, working in a variety of industries. For the last 12 years he has
been working for a Fortune 50 financial services company in Phoenix,
AZ. Mark holds a Masters in Decision and Information Systems from
Arizona State University’s College of Business and is completing his
Masters of Education in Educational Technology at ASU’s College of
Education, specializing in developing distance learning courses.Today he
serves as an e-commerce Security Advisor working with both internal
and external Web designers and developers. Mark has authored or co-
authored six books on computer technology since 1990, including
Breaking Through Technical Jargon, Building SET Applications for Secure
Transactions, Thin Clients Clearly Explained, Virtual Private Networks For
Dummies, A Complete Guide to Internet Security, and The ePrivacy Imperative.
In addition, Mark is a computer columnist for several local, national, and
international print publications, along with an e-zine hosted
at Internet.com.
Robin Walshaw (MCSE, DPM), author of Mission Critical Windows
2000 Server Administration (ISBN: 1-928994-16-4), is an independent
consultant who architects security and infrastructure solutions for large
134_ecomm_FM 6/19/01 11:49 AM Page vii
viii
corporations around the globe. By applying a combination of sound busi-
ness sense and technical insight, Robin is able to design and deliver scal-
able solutions targeted at enabling the enterprise to effectively leverage
technology.With a flair for developing strategic IT solutions for diverse
clients, he has worked in the world of computers in 8 countries, and has
traveled to over 30 in the last 10 years. A veteran of numerous global pro-
jects, Robin has honed his skills across a wide variety of businesses, plat-
forms, and technologies. He has managed to scratch his head and look
slightly confused in the world of security, network operating systems,
development, and research.
Having traversed the globe and seen its many beautiful wonders,
Robin is still captivated by the one thing that leaves him breathless—
Natalie, his wife. She is a light against the darkness, a beauty whose smile
can melt even the coldest heart.
Teri Bidwell (GCIA) has been involved in Internet security for over 10
years as an analyst, engineer, and administrator and is a SANS-Certified
GCIA Intrusion Analyst. Her career began securing Unix networks at the
University of Colorado and continued as a Cisco network engineer and
DNS manager for Sybase, Inc.Today,Teri is a security analyst for a firm
headquartered in Reston,VA. She is a key contributor to corporate secu-
rity strategy and is an advisor for e-business development. Her specialties
include policy creation, vulnerability assessment, penetration testing, and
intrusion detection for corporate environments.
Teri received a Computer Science degree from the University of
Colorado and sits on the SANS GCIA Advisory Board. She currently
lives and works in Boulder, CO with her family, Clint,Wes, and Michael.
Michael Cross (MCSE, MCP+I, CNA) is a Microsoft Certified System
Engineer, Microsoft Certified Product Specialist, Microsoft Certified
Professional + Internet, and a Certified Novell Administrator. Michael is
the Network Administrator, Internet Specialist, and a Programmer for the
Niagara Regional Police Service. He is responsible for network security
and administration, programming applications, and is Webmaster of their
Web site at www.nrps.com. He has consulted and assisted in computer-
related/Internet criminal cases, and is part of an Information Technology
134_ecomm_FM 6/19/01 11:49 AM Page viii
ix
team that provides support to a user base of over 800 civilian and uniform
users. His theory is that when the users carry guns, you tend to be more
motivated in solving their problems.
Michael owns KnightWare, a company that provides consulting, pro-
gramming, networking,Web page design, computer training, and other
services. He has served as an instructor for private colleges and technical
schools in London, Ontario Canada. He has been a freelance writer for
several years and has been published over two dozen times in books and
anthologies. Michael currently resides in St. Catharines, Ontario Canada
with his lovely fiancée Jennifer.
Oliver Steudler (CCNP, CCDP, CSE, CNE) is a Senior Systems
Engineer at iFusion Networks in Cape Town, South Africa. Oliver spe-
cializes in routing, switching, and security and has over 10 years of experi-
ence in consulting, designing, implementing, and troubleshooting
complex networks. He has written articles on TCP/IP, networking, secu-
rity, and data communications and also co-authored another Syngress title,
Managing Cisco Network Security (ISBN: 1-928994-17-2).
Kevin Ziese is a computer scientist at Cisco Systems, Inc. Prior to
joining Cisco, he was a senior scientist and founder of the Wheelgroup
Corporation, which was acquired by Cisco Systems in April of
1998. Before founding the Wheelgroup Corporation, he was Chief of the
Advanced Countermeasures Cell at the Air Force Information Warfare
Center.
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L. Brent Huston earned his Associate of Applied Science degree in
Electronics at DeVry Technical Institute (Columbus, Ohio) in 1994. He
has more than 10 years of experience in IT, mostly in the areas of cyber
security testing, network monitoring, scanning protocols, firewalls, viruses
and virus prevention formats, security patches, and hacker techniques.As
President and CEO of his own information security company,
MicroSolved, Inc., he and his staff have performed system and network
security-consulting services for Fortune 500 companies and all levels of
governmental facilities. He is well versed in the use and implementation
of all the major security tools and appliances. In the past, Brent developed
“Passys”—a passive intrusion detection system for Unix and has also iden-
tified previously unknown security vulnerabilities in Ascom routers,
Windows NT, and Linux operating systems.
Brent is an accomplished computer and information security speaker
and has published numerous white papers on security-related topics.
Recently he was involved in the laboratory testing of major firewall appli-
ances at his company’s central Ohio facilities.This testing was to prove the
worthiness of each appliance as well as possible vulnerabilities that had
not as yet been established by their parent companies. He reported his
results both to the individual product companies and at a national security
industry presentation. Brent is also currently engaged with the Office of
Independent Oversight and Performance Assurance in Columbus, OH.
He was responsible for designing and implementing a state-of-the-art
cyber security testing and research lab for this office and several DOE
national laboratories have utilized his expertise to perform network pene-
tration and detection services. Such services have required a high security
clearance from Brent. Brent is an Internet Security Systems Certified
Engineer, Sidewinder Firewall Certified Administrator, IBM Secure
Network Gateway Certified Administrator, and Phoenix Firewall
Certified Administrator.
Technical Editor
and Contributor
134_ecomm_FM 6/19/01 11:49 AM Page x
Contents
xi
Foreword xxv
Chapter 1 Applying Security
Principles to Your E-Business 1
Introduction 2
Security as a Foundation 3
Confidentiality 3
Integrity 4
Availability 4
Presenting Security As More Than
a Buzzword 6
The Goals of Security in E-Commerce 9
Planning with Security in Mind 10
Security during the Development Phase 13
Implementing Secure Solutions 14
Managing and Maintaining Systems in
a Secure Environment 15
Applying Principles to Existing Sites 20
It All Starts with Risk 21
Fix the Highest Risks First 22
Management and Maintenance during
the Patching Process 23
Impact of Patching on Production
Systems 24
The Never-Ending Cycle of Change 25
Developing a Migration Plan 26
How to Justify a Security Budget 27
The Yardstick Approach 27
Understand the Goals
of Security in the
Commerce Process
■
Protect the privacy of
the consumer at the
point of purchase.
■
Protect the privacy of
the customers’
information while it is
stored or processed.
■
Protect the
confidential identity of
customers, vendors,
and employees.
■
Protect the company
from waste, fraud, and
abuse.
■
Protect the
information assets of
the company from
discovery and
disclosure.
■
Preserve the integrity
of the organization’s
information assets.
■
Ensure the availability
of systems and
processes required for
consumers to do
business with the
company.
■
Ensure the availability
of systems and
processes required for
the company to do
business with its
vendors and partners.
134_ecomm_TOC 6/19/01 11:47 AM Page xi
xii Contents
A Yardstick Approach Case Study 29
Possible Results of Failure 30
The Fear Tactic Approach 31
A Fear Tactic Approach Case Study 32
Possible Results of Failure 34
Security as a Restriction 35
Security as an Enabler 36
Summary 38
Solutions Fast Track 39
Frequently Asked Questions 43
Chapter 2 DDoS Attacks:
Intent, Tools, and Defense 45
Introduction 46
What Is a DDoS Attack? 47
Laying the Groundwork: DoS 48
Resource Consumption Attacks 50
Malformed Packet Attacks 57
Anatomy of a DDoS attack 60
The Attacks of February 2000 63
Why Are E-Commerce Sites Prime Targets
for DDoS? 67
A Growing Problem 68
How the Media Feeds the Cycle 69
What Motivates an Attacker to Damage
Companies? 70
Ethical Hacking: A Contradiction in Terms? 70
Hacktivism 72
Fifteen Minutes of Fame 72
Hell Hath No Fury Like a Hacker Scorned 73
Show Me the Money! 73
Malicious Intent 74
What Are Some of the Tools Attackers Use
to Perform DDoS Attacks? 75
Trinoo 76
Understanding How Trinoo Works 76
Damage & Defense
Sidebars Provide You
with Additional
Information on
Minimizing Risk
Damage & Defense…
Configuration
Management
One method of instigating
a DoS is by altering the
configuration of key
devices such as routers
and servers. Routing
tables, registry databases,
and UNIX configuration
files are just a few of the
potential configuration
databases that can be
used against a business. It
goes without saying, then,
that all Internet-facing
devices should undergo
strict change control
procedures and that a
backup of the last known
good configuration
should be available on
134_ecomm_TOC 6/19/01 11:47 AM Page xii
Contents xiii
TFN2K:The Portable Monster 78
Understanding How TFN2K Works 78
Stacheldraht—A Barbed-Wire Offensive 81
Understanding How Stacheldraht Works 81
More DDoS Families 86
How Can I Protect My Site against These
Types of Attacks? 87
Basic Protection Methods 90
Using Egress Rules to Be a
Better “Net Neighbor” 95
Defending against the SYN’s of
the Internet 99
Methods for Locating and Removing
Zombies 103
Summary 109
Solutions Fast Track 111
Frequently Asked Questions 117
Chapter 3 Secure Web Site Design 119
Introduction 120
Choosing a Web Server 121
Web Server versus Web Service 121
Factoring in Web Servers’ Cost and
Supported Operating Systems 122
Comparing Web Servers’ Security Features 127
Authentication 127
Using the SET Protocol 133
Setting Permissions 134
Using CGI Applications 134
Security Features Side By Side 134
The Basics of Secure Site Design 143
Creating a Security Plan 143
Protecting against Internal Threats 145
Adding Security Tiers beyond the
Web Server 146
Apache versus Internet Information Services 149
Installation:The First Step 151
Know What You May
Be Giving Away in
Your HTML Code
Each hidden tag can be
used with forms on your
site and includes a name
and a value. When the
form is submitted, the
name and value in the
hidden field is included
with the results. For
example, the following
line of code shows an
input value of $100.00
associated with a variable
called "cost."
<input type=hidden
name="cost"
value="100.00">
Using a text editor or
HTML editing program, a
hacker could alter the
value so that the value is
changed to a lower
amount. For example, the
$100.00 could be changed
to $1.00. This would allow
buyers to purchase
products at a significantly
reduced amount.
134_ecomm_TOC 6/19/01 11:47 AM Page xiii
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