Tài liệu The Spirit of Ancient Egypt pdf

Algora Publishing, New York
© 2001 by Algora Publishing
All rights reserved. Published 2001.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1-892941-69-4
Editors@algora.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 2001-004087

Ruiz, Ana.
The spirit of Ancient Egypt / by Ana Ruiz.
p. cm.
ISBN 1-892941-69-4 (alk. paper)
1. Egypt—Civilization—To 332 B.C. I. Title.
DT60 .R89 2001
932—dc21
2001004087



















New York
www.algora.com















To my parents, Isabel and Manuel
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1
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Early Dynastic or Archaic Period
(3100- 2700 BC)
1st Dynasty (3100-2890 BC)
Narmer, or Menes
Aha
Djer
Djet
Den
Anendjib
Semerkhet
Qaa

2nd Dynasty (2890-2700 BC)
Hotepsekhemwy
Raneb
Nynetjer
Peribsen
Khasekhem

Old Kingdom
3rd Dynasty (2700-2613 BC)
Djoser
Sekhemkhet
Khaba
Huni

4th Dynasty (2613-2498 BC)
Sneferu
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafre
Menkaura
Shepseskaf


5th Dynasty (2498-2345 BC)
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare
Shepseskare
Nyuserre
Menkauhor
Djedkare
Iunas

6th Dynasty (2345-2150 BC)
Teti
Userkare
Pepy I
Merenre
Pepy II
Neitkrety
ƒ

(on some lists)

1st Intermediate Period
(2150-2050 BC)
7th-10th Dynasties*

Middle Kingdom
11th Dynasty (2050-1991 BC)
Inyotef I
Inyotef II
Inyotef III
Montuhotep I
Montuhotep II
Montuhotep III
Montuhotep IV

12th Dynasty (1991-1775 BC)
Amenemhet I
Senwosret I
Amenemhet II
Senwosret II
Senwosret III
Amenemhet III
Amenemhet IV
Neferu-Sobek
ƒ


Second Intermediate Period
Hyksos Invasion, 13th-17th Dynasties
(1775- 1550 BC)
13th Dynasty
Wegaf
Amenemhet V
Sobekhotep I
Hor
Amenemhet VI
Sobekhotep II
Khendjer
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep I
Sobekhotep IV
Sobekhotep V
Aye
Neferhotep II

14th-16th Dynasties
Little is known about this period.

17th Dynasty (1640-1550 BC)
Intef IV
Sobekemsaf
Seqenenre Tao I
Seqenenre Tao II
Kamose
[Continued]
ƒ
Denotes ruling queens.
*Many kings ruled, for longer or shorter reigns, during each of the four short-lived dynasties and, according to the
King List of Abydos, 25 kings ruled during the 8th Dynasty, which lasted about 30 years. Scarce evidence has been
found to demarcate any major turning points in this interim, during which the Nomarchs managed to establish
greater independence and strove to take control of Egypt by appointing themselves as pharaohs. This group of
“kings” came from Henen-Nesut (Herakleopolis), Beni Hasan (north of Hermopolis) and Qebtu (Coptos). They were
recognized within their own territories but they were not acknowledged throughout the rest of the land.
A Chronology of Egypt’s Rulers

New Kingdom (1550-1087 BC)
18th Dynasty (1550-1307)
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Tuthmose I
Tuthmose II
Hatshepsut
ƒ

Tuthmose III
Amenhotep II
Tuthmose IV
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)
Smenkhare
Tutankhamen
Aye
Horemheb

19th Dynasty (1307-1196 BC)
Ramses I
Seti I
Ramses II
Merneptah
Amenmesses
Seti II
Siptah
Twosret
ƒ


20th Dynasty (1196-1087 BC)
Setnakhte
Ramses III - XI

3rd Intermediate Period
(1087- 712 BC)
21st Dynasty (1087 -945 BC)
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon
Saimun
Psusennes II

22nd Dynasty (945-712 BC)
Sheshonq I
Osokron II
Takelot I
Sheshonq II
Osorkon III
Takelot II
Sheshonq III
Pami
Sheshonq IV
Osorkon IV

23rd Dynasty (818-724 BC — dates
overlap previous Dynasty)
Pedibastet I
Osorkon V
Peftjauabaster

24th Dynasty (724-712 BC)
Tefnakht I
Bakenrenef

Late Period (712-332 BC)
25th Dynasty (712- 657 BC)
Piankhi
Shabaqo
Shebitku
Taharqa
Tanatamen

26th Dynasty (657-525 BC)
Necho I
Psamtek I
Necho II
Psamtek II
Wahibre
Ahmose II
Psamtek III

27th Dynasty (525-404 BC)
First Persian Period
Cambyses
Darius I
Xerxes I
Artaxerxes I
Darius II
28th Dynasty (404-399 BC)
Amyrateus

29th Dynasty (399- 380 BC)
Neferites I
Hakoris
Neferites II

30th Dynasty (380-343 BC)
Nectanebo I
Teos
Nectanebo II

2nd Persian Period (343-332 BC)
Artaxerxes III
Arses
Darius III

Macedonian Dynasty (332-304
BC)
(or the 31st Dynasty)
Alexander the Great
Philip Arrhidaeus
Alexander IV

Ptolemaic Dynasty (304-30 BC)
(or the 32nd Dynasty)
Ptolemy I Soter I
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy III Eueregetes I
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Eueregetes II
Ptolemy IX Soter II
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Berenice
ƒ
IV
Cleopatra
ƒ
VII with Ptolemy
XIII, XIV, XV (Caesarion)


5




Table of Contents




I
NTRODUCTION
: Egypt’s Evolution 7

P
ART
I
D
AILY
L
IFE

1. The People 15
2. Family Life 21
3. Homes and Furnishings 31
4. Food and Drink 37
5. Dress and Jewelry 45
6. Wigs and Cosmetics 51
7. Recreation 59
8. Labor and Crafts 67
9. Transportation 73
10. Early International Trade 79
11. Law and Government 83

P
ART
II
B
ELIEFS

12. Mummification 91
13. Death and Immortality 97
14. Deities 107
15. Creation Myths 121
16. Animal Worship 129
6
The Spirit of Ancient Egypt
17. Symbolism 137
18. The Priesthood 147
19. Festivals 155
20. Magic and Spells
161

21. Dreams and Divination 169

P
ART
III
A
CHIEVEMENTS

22. Kings and Conquerors
177

23. Queens 195
24. Battles and Warriors 203
25. The Pyramids
211

26. The Great Sphinx 221
27. Architecture 225
28. Art 235
29. Literature 243
30. Language and Hieroglyphics 253
31. Medicine 263
32. The Calendar 269
33. Stellar Wisdom 275

Further Readings 281

7


I
NTRODUCTION


Egypt’s Evolution








A civilization forms along the Nile

Man settled along the banks of the Nile River as long ago as 7000
BC; four millennia later, in this very region, he had learned to read,
write, and develop and expand as a community. Over the next 3000
years, Egypt prospered despite hardships, internal conflicts and foreign
invasion. Herodotus, the Greek historian who traveled to Egypt in the
5th century BC, called it “the gift of the Nile.”

Wind and water

The Nile is the source of all Egyptian life. Without that sacred
river, all this land would have been barren, dried by the broiling sun
and the wind. Rainfall gradually diminished in the area of Egypt, start-
ing around the beginning of the third millennium BC; over time, it be-
came almost non-existent. People began concentrating along the nar-
row strip of land on both sides of the river, where they survived by fish-
ing, hunting, gathering, farming and breeding livestock. The remaining
region was desert, known as deshret (“red land”) — an area that was
regarded as sinister and perilous, and was often avoided. The black soil
and the narrow colonized strip of land alongside the Nile was called
khemet (“black land”); it provided a sharp contrast to the lifeless “red
land.”

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